Direct-to-Device Connectivity: Evolution and the Emerging Policy Framework

Direct-to-Device (D2D) connectivity is transforming mobile communications by enabling standard smartphones and IoT devices to connect directly to satellites. Driven by Low Earth Orbit constellations, 3GPP Non-Terrestrial Network standards, and partnerships between satellite operators and mobile network operators, D2D can extend coverage to remote areas, strengthen emergency communications, and support digital inclusion.

This FOCUSTEL paper examines the evolution of D2D, its emerging ecosystem, and the key policy challenges facing regulators—including licensing, spectrum governance, protection of incumbent services, fair competition, and international harmonization toward WRC-27. It also introduces a four-part research series exploring the future convergence of terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks in the 5G-Advanced and 6G eras.

Authors: Isa Barshushi and Dr. Naji Al Bakay